Title: Jude the Obscure

Author: Thomas Hardy

Publication Date: 1895

How I Heard About It: An old teacher

Thomas Hardy’s last novel, Jude the Obscure, is not, in fact, obscure at all. Rather, many readers find it to be the greatest and bleakest (not to say most controversial) novel that the great master ever wrote. Indeed, it was reviewed so harshly when it came out—many called it Jude the Obscene—that it (thankfully[1]) sent Hardy into writing poetry for the rest of his life.

            So my one reader will have to forgive me that I am reviewing it here for “Resuscitation” only because it has the word “obscure” in the title and because I just recently read it and want to blog about it.

            The novel is not necessarily satirical—at its heart it is a tragic love story—but it is regarded as the most critical novel of the late-Victorian, early-modern age because it attacks English society’s most venerable institutions—the family, the church, and the class system.

            Jude Fawley, we learn early, is like many great characters in fiction—obsessive, nearly monomaniacal. But it’s not a white whale or a beauty named Daisy that Jude is after. No, he wants to be a scholar at Oxford (fictionalized here as Christminster), and he “seemed to see his way to living comfortably in Christminster in the course of a year or two, and knocking at the doors of one of those strongholds of learning of which he had dreamed so much.”

            He has, as every teacher will recognize, the potential for a great student, and he even takes as his role model the former schoolmaster of his provincial town—one Mr. Phillotson, who leaves for Chrisminter and whom Jude imagines as “promenading at ease [there], like one of the forms in Nebuchadnezzar’s furnace.”

            But Christminster remains a pragmatic possibility. He is a poor, orphaned day laborer; and to make matters worse, something happens to him that forever alters the path towards his scholarly dreams.

            He gets hit by a pig’s dick.[2]

            Yes, that’s right. You heard me loud and clear. And I hope the shock of those words in some small way mimics Jude’s sudden reversal of fortune.

            For this pig’s dick has been tossed by a local butcher’s daughter, Arabella Donn, who is sensual enough and cunning enough and randy enough to entrap Jude in a hopeless marriage by faking pregnancy. And Jude being a man of “honor,” which means a man of the times, decides he must do the “honorable thing” and marry her.

            It is a terribly short and contentious affair. And oh if the tale has ended there as a short story condemning early passion! But this brief indictment of marriage—Arabella soon leaves with her family for better prospects in Australia—is just the beginning of a Job-like sequence of torture.

            Indeed, Jude finally moves to Christminster, with the hope of somehow finagling his way into university studies, only to become enslaved again by his passions and fixated on Sue Bridehead, his cousin. But Sue, in one of the many ironic twists of coincidence in the novel, decides to marry Jude’s old schoolteacher, Mr. Phillotson, and torment Jude with her finicky, back-and-forth acceptance and denial of his love.

            Eventually, however, things come to pass. Arabella arrives back on the scene[3] and delivers the news that she and Jude have a son together, a morose little kid nicknamed (over-symbolically) Little Father Time, who is not exactly a character. He is a symbol. And if I believe him to be an artistic mistake[4], I also sort of love his somber questions: “It would be better to be out o’ the world than in it, wouldn’t it?”

            This question occurs, in fact, just before the most pivotal scene in the novel, which I won’t spoil here, but which occurs after Sue and Jude have divorced their former spouses and lived together and raised three children.

            Little Father Time ruins all. It is almost unbearably bleak.

            ~

            The novel is supposed to be Hardy’s most autobiographical, not least for the reason that Jude undertakes a profession of restoring churches.[5] It is also set in a semi-fictionalized Wessex, a blend of actual and imagined locations like Faulkner’s Yoknapatawpha county.

            Indeed, the connection between Hardy and Faulkner—which is more than regionalism—is not lost on me. Both novelists are masters of the scene—chapters, for instance, that read like imbedded short stories.

            One of my favorite scenes in Jude was, not ironically, the only happy scene in the entire novel. Jude and Sue, together with their three children, visit an Agricultural Fair, and the scene capture nicely what Hardy, in a poem entitled “Hap,” calls “Blisses about my pilgrimage as pain.”

            For when the pain does come at the end of the novel, as it surely must, it comes on strong. And one can’t help but contrast it with those fragile moments of happiness earlier in the novel and earlier in the lives of Sue and Jude.

            I was especially moved by the moment in which Jude, pleading with Sue not to leave him, changes his argument on the grounds of self-destruction:

            ‘O Sue,’ said he with a sudden sense of his own danger. ‘Do not do an immoral thing for moral reasons! You have been my social salvation. Stay with me for humanity’s sake! You know what a weak fellow I am. My two Arch Enemies—my weakness for womankind, and my impulse to strong liquor. Don’t abandon me to them, Sue, to save your soul only!”

            But I won’t spoil too much if I tell you this plea doesn’t work. Sue leaves him, and he is left alone to die with Arabella, who has entrapped him again in second marriage, which is even unhappier than the first.

            And upon Jude’s death, as Arabella leaves his corpse unattended in order to visit the throngs of people watching a boat-race, who can’t help but think of those first hopeful visions of Christminster, and how tragic they seem now?

            Some way within the limits of the stretch of landscape, points of light like the topaz gleamed The air increased in transparency with the lapse of minutes, till the topaz points showed themselves to be the vanes, windows, wet roof slates, and other shining spots upon the spires, domes, freestone-work, and varied outlines that were faintly revealed. It was Christminster, unquestionably; either directly seen, or mirage in the peculiar atmosphere.

            The spectator gazed on and on till the windows and vanes lost their shine, going out almost suddenly, like extinguished candles. The vague city became veiled in mist. Turning to the west, he saw that the sun had disappeared. The foreground of the scene had grown funereally dark, and near objects out on the hues and shap
[1] This is not to say that Hardy is not a great novelist. But his supreme triumph is in his poetry.

[2] Dick is not the actual word used. Hardy writes that “a soft cold substance had been flung at him…a piece of flesh, the characteristic part of a barrow-pig, which the countrymen used for greasing their boots”

[3] All of the coincidences in the novel cannot, unfortunately, be chalked up to the smallness of provincial life. I think they are a small flaw in the novel.

[4] Hardy never had kids, which is perhaps why he can’t seem to write believable children characters in this novel.

[5] As it’s been noted before, this is quite an ironic vocation for a non-believer.

Title: Stoner

Author: John Williams

Publication Date: 1965

How I Heard About It: Recommended by a friend

            Ah, the English Professor, that perennial subject of the biopic, stumbling cliché of alcoholism and existential emptiness, too self-conscious for his (rarely her) own good. You have probably seen them: Wonder Boys, The Squid and the Whale, A Single Man, Smart People, etc. etc.

            It’s not that these portrayals are necessarily false. It’s that most of them (but not all) are lousy films.

            John Williams’ 1965 novel, Stoner, is about an English professor who is not an alcoholic. Nor is he, as one might believe the title to imply, a pot-smoker. His name is William Stoner, and this quietly beautiful novel chronicles his career at the University of Missouri in the first half of the twentieth century.

            We learn on the first page, in a remarkably bleak sentence, the tragic fate of our title character:

            Stoner’s colleagues, who held him in no particular esteem when he was alive, speak of him rarely now; to the older ones, his name is a reminder of the end that awaits them all, and to the younger ones it is merely a sound which evokes no sense of the past and no identity with which they can associate themselves or their careers.

            The nod here, I think, is to another chilling portrait of human isolation—Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilych, which contains this more blatantly ironic passage on its first page:

            So on receiving the news of Ivan Ilych's  death the first thought of each of the gentlemen in that private  room was of the changes and promotions it might occasion among  themselves or their acquaintances.

            This kind of announcement relieves us of surprise. It’s not if our character dies. Only when. And thus what emerges between the casual mention of Stoner’s death at the beginning of the novel, and the haunting and intricate details of his death at the end, is the embodiment of what Arthur Miller called “Tragedy and the Common Man.”

            For William Stoner’s life is nothing if not a series of disappointments. Remarkably, though, he does not emerge as a pathetic character in the way that, say, Willy Loman does.

            Partly this has to do with the calmness and clarity of Williams’ prose—what you might say is its iciness, and thereby its incisiveness—and the way that his prose mirrors Stoner’s demeanor. Stoner is not hyperactive or manic like Willy Loman. His problems are serious, to be sure, but he confronts them with a clear control of emotion. And thus Williams charges the atmosphere with awkwardness and tension.

            Take, for instance, Stoner’s decision, against the wishes of his humbly rural parents, to study literature rather than agriculture. But he does not tell them until they make the long trek to Columbia for his graduation:

            They were alone in the kitchen…But neither then nor after his parents had finished breakfast could he bring himself to tell them of his change of plans, of his decision not to return to the farm. Once or twice he started to speak; then he looked at the brown faces that rose nakedly out of their new clothing, and thought of the long journey they had made and of the years they had awaited his return. He sat stiffly with them until they finished and came into the kitchen. Then he told them that he had to go early to the University and that he would see them there later in the day, at his exercises.

He cannot here, as elsewhere, bring himself to speak his mind. Indeed, this is often a novel of long silences. Not until halfway through, during the first of Stoner’s academic scandals, do we get any detailed discussion of literature.

            Instead, the novel traces Stoner’s increasing detachment from the big things in life: his marriage, his family, his career, his search for meaning.

            Williams reserves the novel’s most stinging portrait for Stoner’s wife, Edith, who must surely be among the coldest bitches in all of literature. Though her bitchiness, at times, seems a bit one-dimensional (there really isn’t any gray area with her), at least you can say this about it: it is absolutely relentless.

            Even on their honeymoon you can predict their unhappy destiny:

          When he returned, Edith was in bed with the covers pulled to her chin, her face turned upward, her eyes closed, a thin frown creasing her forehead. Silently, as if she were asleep, Stoner undressed and got into bed beside her. For several moments he lay with his desire, which had become an impersonal thing, belonging to himself alone. He spoke to Edith, as if to find a haven for what he felt; she did not answer. He moved his hand upon her; she did not stir; her frown deepened. Again he spoke, saying her name to silence.

The silences here are Edith’s, not Stoner’s, and they contrast with her nearly manic, though honest, remark at his deathbed. She says to one of Stoner’s dean, his only friend Gordon Finch (and not to Stoner; no, never directly to Stoner): “‘He looks awful. Poor Willy. He won’t be with us much longer.’”

            Small wonder Stoner never turned to alcohol after all. What he turns to instead is his work, and John Williams has been quoted as saying, “The important thing to me is Stoner’s sense of a job.” As Edith takes an extended vacation in St. Louis after her father’s suicide, Stoner realizes his marriage is a failure but that his

            love of literature, of language, of the mystery of the mind and heart showing themselves in the minute, strange, and unexpected combinations of letters and words, in the blackest and coldest print—the love which he had hidden as if it were illicit and dangerous, he began to display, tentatively at first, and then boldly, and then proudly.

            But disillusionment, as it tends to do, grows. Edith plays mind games with their daughter, Grace, and turns her quietly against him. An annoying and incompetent graduate student receives an F in one of Stoner’s classes, sides with the incoming department chair, and hinders Stoner’s career.

            And like all serious writers and scholars, Stoner begins to doubt his vocation. And the doubt, by turns, hardens and softens him. Picture him with the Buddha’s half-smile in the following lines, which characterize despair quite beautifully:

            He took a grim and ironic pleasure from the possibility that what little learning he had managed to acquire had led him to this knowledge: that in the long run of all things, even the learning that let him know this, were futile and empty, and ta last diminished into a nothingness they did not alter.

            But then, like a false spring, Stoner falls for a younger instructor named Katherine Driscoll, and we never doubt for a moment that they are in pure, true love. They read together, make love often, even vacation in a cabin during one chilly winter break. And here, too, Stoner has an epiphany about love that becomes itself a kind of love poem, and that needs to be quoted in its entirety:

            In his extreme youth Stoner had thought of love as an absolute state of being to which, if one were lucky, one might find access; in his maturity he had decided it was the heaven of a false religion, toward which one ought to gaze with an amused disbelief, a gently familiar contempt, and an embarrassed nostalgia. Now in his middle age he began to know that it was neither a state of grace nor an illusion; he saw it as a human act of becoming, a condition that was invented and modified moment by moment and day by day, by the will and the intelligence of the heart.

Needless to say, this is beautiful prose. But by now—on page 195 of a 278-page novel—we know the outcome. Stoner’s rival colleague, Hollis Lomax (another one-dimensional character, and a categorically imperative asshole) sees to it that their love affair ends.

            Stoner grows even more disillusioned and then, years later but seemingly as a result of Katherine’s absence, fatally ill. And if you think I have spoiled the ending, then this novel is not for you. One comes to this novel not for its plot but for its beautiful prose and its quiet passages of stoic solitude.  And nowhere is Williams better than in describing Stoner’s last moments on earth, in its illuminated details—“The sky outside, the deep blue-black space, and the thin glow of moonlight through a cloud,” “the distant sound of laughter,” “the sweet odors of grass and lead and flower”—and in which Stoner picks up one of his old books:

            It hardly mattered to him that the book was forgotten and that it served no use; and the question of its worth  at any time seemed almost trivial. He did not have the illusion that he would find himself there, in the fading print; and yet, he knew, a small part of him that he could not deny was there, and would be there.

            One can’t help but wonder, especially if one is in the profession, whether or not Stoner’s story is the story of all English professors or writers. But it is not. No more than any of the lousy movies about English professors are. This is a story, in the end, about all of us.